1. RORO ships have the advantage of not needing specialized lifting equipment. 
*a. True
b. False

2. Containers were first shipped on the deck of traditional cargo ships. 
*a. True
b. False

3. The largest ships in the world are crude carriers. 
*a. True
b. False

4. According to the Jones Act, cabotage prohibits the use of U. S. -flagged ships. 
a. True
*b. False

5. Most tramp ships are designed for one type of cargo exclusively. 
*a. True
b. False

6. Net [registered] tonnage is gross registered tonnage minus volume occupied by the engine room, the crew, and other space necessary for the good operation of the ship. 
*a. True
b. False

7. Displacement tonnage is the weight of the ship, when empty, measured by the weight of the volume of water it displaces. 
a. True
*b. False

8. A ship will sit lower in saltwater than it would in fresh water with the same quantity of cargo. 
a. True
*b. False

9. An oil tanker of more than 300,000 deadweight tonnage is called a very large crude carrier. 
a. True
*b. False

10. Containerization is increasing in international shipping. 
*a. True
b. False

11. At least 200,000 people are employed in dismantling old ships on the beaches of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. 
*a. True
b. False

12. Container ships can now carry as many as 12,000 40-foot containers at once. 
a. True
*b. False

13. A PCC is a pure car-carrier ship. 
*a. True
b. False

14. The greatest number of ships are container ships. 
a. True
*b. False

15. The American Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading is known as the Hague Rules. 
a. True
*b. False

16. What used to be exclusively bulk cargo, like forestry products and grain, is now starting to be shipped in containers. 
*a. True
b. False

17. In intermodal shipping, while the liability limits depend on the nationality of the carrier, the limits are the same for domestic transport in the exporting country, international transport by ocean, and domestic transport in the importing country. 
a. True
*b. False

18. Deadweight tonnage does not include the bunker. 
a. True
*b. False

19. All cargo in trades supported by the Ex-Im Bank must be shipped through U. S. -flagged ships. 
*a. True
b. False

20. The choice of flag has no effect on the safety and reliability of a ship and its crew. 
a. True
*b. False



1. Deadweight tonnage
~ Deadweight tonnage is the total capacity of the ship, including the bunker, expressed in metric tonnes (2,204. 6 pounds). 
@ Deadweight tonnage is the total capacity of the ship, including the bunker, expressed in metric tonnes (2,204. 6 pounds). 
*a. is the maximum weight of the cargo that a vessel can carry. 
b. is equivalent to 2,204. 6 pounds. 
c. does not include the bunker. 
d. is the actual weight of a ship. 
e. is a metric measurement of the cargo carried by a vessel. 

2. Gross registered tonnage is 
~ All of these definitions apply to gross registered tonnage.
@ All of these definitions apply to gross registered tonnage. 
a. the total volume capacity of the ship. 
b. expressed in hundreds of cubic feet. 
c. normally not appropriate for determining the cargo-carrying capacity of a ship. 
*d. all of these definitions apply to gross registered tonnage. 
e. is used to determine the fees charged when a ship uses the Panama Canal or the Suez Canal. 

3. In containerized shipping, the term TEU stands for
~ The correct answer is twenty-foot equivalent unit. 
@ The correct answer is twenty-foot equivalent unit. 
a. Trans-European Units. 
b. Terminal Event Utilization. 
c. Trip Extension Unit. 
d. Two-Ended Undercarriage. 
*e. Twenty-foot Equivalent Units. 

4. A characteristic of breakbulk ships is that they are
~ Loading and unloading is labor intensive, as each package is handled separately, with several stevedores and crane operators. Breakbulk ships are declining in usage. 
@ Loading and unloading is labor intensive, as each package is handled separately, with several stevedores and crane operators. Breakbulk ships are declining in usage. 
a. increasing in usage. 
*b. labor-intensive.  
c. able to be loaded and unloaded by one type of equipment. 
d. very fast to load and unload, unlike containerships. 
e. designed to carry liquid cargo. 

5. Countries with an open registry often provide
~ An open registry means that any ship owner can choose to have its vessel fly that countrys flag, called flags of convenience, due to their minimal requirements and taxes. Secondary registries are not necessary for countries with an open registry, and countries with an open registry usually have looser regulation of ships. 
@ An open registry means that any ship owner can choose to have its vessel fly that countrys flag, called flags of convenience, due to their minimal requirements and taxes. Secondary registries are not necessary for countries with an open registry, and countries with an open registry usually have looser regulation of ships. 
a. secondary registries. 
*b. flags of convenience. 
c. an opportunity for ship owners from developing countries to register their ships in the United States. 
d. very strict regulation of ships. 
e. excellent seamanship and maintenance requirements. 

6. Post-Panamax ships have capacities that can reach
~ Post-Panamax ships range from 6,000 to 18,000 TEUs in capacity. 
@ Post-Panamax ships range from 6,000 to 18,000 TEUs in capacity. 
a. 120,000 TEUs
*b. 12,000 TEUs
c. 1,200,000 TEUs
d. 1,200 TEUs
e. 12,000,000 TEUs

7. Break-bulk ships 
~ Breakbulk ships are expected to decrease in number and they have high labor costs. Since most breakbulk ships have cranes onboard that allow them to load and unload without relying on port equipment, they can call at just about any port, and have the capacity to carry many different types of cargo. 
@ Breakbulk ships are expected to decrease in number and they have high labor costs. Since most breakbulk ships have cranes onboard that allow them to load and unload without relying on port equipment, they can call at just about any port, and have the capacity to carry many different types of cargo. 
a. are expected to increase in number. 
b. have low labor costs. 
*c. can call at just about any port to pick up different kinds of cargo loads. 
d. are dependent on specific port cranes in order to be loaded and unloaded. 
e. can carry liquid-bulk cargoes. 

8. The deck below the main deck, which can accommodate smaller breakbulk cargo, is called the
~ The Tweendeck is the deck below the main deck. 
@ The Tweendeck is the deck below the main deck. 
a. scrub deck. 
b. secondary deck. 
c. RORO deck. 
d. aft deck. 
*e. tween deck. 

9. Ships dedicated to the transport of petroleum products are called
~ Liquid barges do not exist, dry-bulk carriers are used to carry dry agricultural products, and Hague carriers do not exist. Crude carriers are the bulk ships dedicated to the transport of unrefined (crude) oil. 
@ Liquid barges do not exist, dry-bulk carriers are used to carry dry agricultural products, and Hague carriers do not exist. Crude carriers are the bulk ships dedicated to the transport of unrefined (crude) oil. 
a. liquid barges. 
b. dry-bulk carriers. 
c. Hague carriers. 
*d. crude carriers. 
e. drugstore ships. 

10. The type of ship in which coal is usually carried is a called a:
~ Dry-bulk carriers are used to carry agricultural products, as well as coal, ores, scrap iron, dry chemicals, and other bulk commodities. 
@ Dry-bulk carriers are used to carry agricultural products, as well as coal, ores, scrap iron, dry chemicals, and other bulk commodities. 
a. cabotage ship. 
b. conference ship. 
*c. dry-bulk carrier. 
d. carbon ship. 
e. breakbulk ship. 

11. Refrigerated ships are slowly being replaced by
~ Containerization is increasingly moving into the area of refrigeration, replacing refrigerated (or reefer) ships. 
@ Containerization is increasingly moving into the area of refrigeration, replacing refrigerated (or reefer) ships. 
*a. refrigerated containers. 
b. dry-bulk carriers. 
c. tramp ships. 
d. RORO containers. 
e. cold ships. 

12. Standardized units of cargo on a  breakbulk ship have a capacity of
~ Breakbulk ships can carry any unit of cargo that are much larger than containerships, with no limit on weight or size, except the size and capacity of the ship. 
@ Breakbulk ships can carry any unit of cargo that are much larger than containerships, with no limit on weight or size, except the size and capacity of the ship. 
a. 385 metric tons of deadweight tonnage. 
b. 30 long tons. 
c. 50 metric tons. 
d. 100 long tons. 
*e. There are no standardized units of cargo on a breakbulk ship. 

13. LNG and LPG ships
~ Liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) ships are not obsolete and are specialized bulk carriers in a service that is different from the normal containerization trade. They are often used in a particular trade for long periods of time on long-term contracts. They work worldwide and cannot carry any other cargo than the ones for which they are designed. 
@ Liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) ships are not obsolete and are specialized bulk carriers in a service that is different from the normal containerization trade. They are often used in a particular trade for long periods of time on long-term contracts. They work worldwide and cannot carry any other cargo than the ones for which they are designed. 
a. are obsolete. 
b. cannot compete with container ships. 
*c. often operate on long-term contracts. 
d. operate on the North Atlantic trade only. 
e. can also carry frozen fruit juices. 

14. NVOCCs are
~ NVOCCs are Non-Vessel-Operating Common Carriers. They are regulated by the Federal Maritime Commission, they are not prohibited in North America, and in most cases, they act as freight consolidators and aggregate less-than-container-load (LCL) freight from several customers into a full container, which they can ship anywhere in the world. 
@ NVOCCs are Non-Vessel-Operating Common Carriers. They are regulated by the Federal Maritime Commission, they are not prohibited in North America, and in most cases, they act as freight consolidators and aggregate less-than-container-load (LCL) freight from several customers into a full container, which they can ship anywhere in the world. 
a. not regulated by the Federal Maritime Commission. 
b. prohibited in North America. 
c. rarely involved in LCL freight. 
d. far more expensive than small-packet carriers like UPS and FedEx. 
*e. able to handle freight to any destination. 

15. The total capacity of the ship expressed in long tons is called
~ Deadweight tonnage is the total capacity of the ship expressed in long tons or metric tonnes. 
@ Deadweight tonnage is the total capacity of the ship expressed in long tons or metric tonnes. 
a. ship size. 
b. full tonnage. 
*c. deadweight tonnage. 
d. weight tonnage. 
e. ship capacity. 

16. Capacity of a ship used to determine taxation of the ship by its country of registry or by port or canal authorities is called
~ Displacement tonnage is the total weight of the ship, when fully loaded, measured by the weight of the volume of water it displaces. Light tonnage is the weight of the ship, measured the same way, but when the vessel is empty. Deadweight tonnage is the total capacity of the ship. Gross registered tonnage is the total volume capacity of the ship, and is used to determine how much ship owner will have to pay in taxes to the country in which the ship is registered, or tolls to the authorities of the ports it visits or the canals it uses. 
@ Displacement tonnage is the total weight of the ship, when fully loaded, measured by the weight of the volume of water it displaces. Light tonnage is the weight of the ship, measured the same way, but when the vessel is empty. Deadweight tonnage is the total capacity of the ship. Gross registered tonnage is the total volume capacity of the ship, and is used to determine how much ship owner will have to pay in taxes to the country in which the ship is registered, or tolls to the authorities of the ports it visits or the canals it uses. 
a. displacement tonnage. 
b. deadweight tonnage. 
c. light tonnage. 
*d. gross registered tonnage. 
e. net registered tonnage. 

17. Ships too large to pass through the Panama Canal are called
~ Capesize ships are not relevant. Panamax ships are the largest ships that can pass through the Panama Canal, while post-Panamax ships are all ships larger than that size. 
@ Capesize ships are not relevant. Panamax ships are the largest ships that can pass through the Panama Canal, while post-Panamax ships are all ships larger than that size. 
a. super-size ships. 
b. Panamax ships. 
*c. post-Panamax ships. 
d. capesize ships. 
e. ultra-Panamax ships. 

18. The increasing size in containerships may eventually result in
~ Larger containerships probably will result in an even further decline in the usage of breakbulk ships. Fewer ports will be able to handle the giant containerships, which will create the need for a hub system from which mega-ships would travel, with smaller feeder ships traveling between the two. Freight rates are decreasing with the use of containerships, and the Panama Canal is unaffected. 
@ Larger containerships probably will result in an even further decline in the usage of breakbulk ships. Fewer ports will be able to handle the giant containerships, which will create the need for a hub system from which mega-ships would travel, with smaller feeder ships traveling between the two. Freight rates are decreasing with the use of containerships, and the Panama Canal is unaffected. 
a. more products being shipped by breakbulk ships. 
b. more ports being able to handle these ships. 
*c. the development of a hub system. 
d. an overall increase in freight costs. 
e. a general decrease in the use of the Panama Canal. 

19. Ships designed to carry one single type of refined petroleum product are sometimes called
~ Petroleum products can be transported by chemical carriers they are designed to carry chemicals. They may transport as many as 40 different chemicals and are referred to as drugstore ships. 
@ Petroleum products can be transported by chemical carriers they are designed to carry chemicals. They may transport as many as 40 different chemicals and are referred to as drugstore ships. 
a. LASH ships. 
b. post-production ships. 
c. conference ships. 
*d. drugstore ships. 
e. CNG ships. 

20. Which of the following international liability conventions allow carriers to argue that their liability is limited by 17 defenses, such as navigational errors?
~ Only the Hague-Visby maintained the 17 defenses of the Hague rules. The Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules have eliminated most of the defenses, while the Felixstowe Rules do not exist. 
@ Only the Hague-Visby maintained the 17 defenses of the Hague rules. The Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules have eliminated most of the defenses, while the Felixstowe Rules do not exist. 
a. the Hamburg Rules. 
b. the Rotterdam Rules. 
*c. the Hague-Visby Rules. 
d. the Felixstowe Rules. 
e. The Havre Rules. 


Type: F
1. ____________________ ships travel on a regular voyage, following a pre-established schedule, and with determined ports of call. 
a. liner
b. Liner

Type: F
2. ____________________ ships do not operate on a regular schedule but travel wherever the company using the vessel wants the cargo delivered. 
a. Tramp
b. tramp

Type: F
3. A long ton is ____________________ pounds. 
a. 2,240
b. 2240

Type: F
4. The ____________________ tonnage is the total weight of the ship when fully loaded, measured by the weight of the volume of water it displaces. 
a. displacement

Type: F
5. The deepest draft a ship can sit is called the ____________________ line. 
a. tropical
b. tropical freshwater
c. tropical fresh water

Type: F
6. A ship of the maximum size that can possibly fit through the locks of the Panama Canal is called a ____________________ ship. 
a. Panamax
b. panamax

Type: F
7. ____________________ ships are designed to carry all sorts of different loads in a single voyage. 
a. Combination
b. Breakbulk
c. Break bulk

Type: F
8. Dry-bulk carriers designed to serve ports of the Great Lakes are called ____________________. 
a. lakers

Type: F
9. The Ocean Shipping Reform Act allows private, confidential ____________________ between shippers and shipping lines, where traditional liability constraints are replaced by negotiated ones. 
a. contracts

Type: F
10. The non-vessel-operating common carrier system was the basis for the model followed by ____________________ in the air passenger business. 
a. consolidators